Which element does NOT contribute to establishing probable cause?

Probable cause is established through a combination of factors that collectively indicate a reasonable belief that a crime has been, is being, or will be committed. Each of the options listed can play a role in forming that probable cause, but one stands out as less relevant.

The make and model of a vehicle, while it might provide context in specific situations, does not inherently contribute to establishing probable cause on its own. It lacks the direct link to criminal activity that other factors possess. The vehicle's characteristics might be relevant if they are associated with a known crime or if they contribute to the overall context, but they do not serve as a foundational element for establishing probable cause.

Conversely, elements like a high crime rate area, suspect's demeanor, and the time of day are often more significant. A high crime area suggests a likelihood of illicit behavior. A suspect’s demeanor can indicate possible intent or awareness of guilt, while the time of day might influence expectations about normal activity levels and potential criminal behavior. Each of these factors can add weight to the case for probable cause. By contrast, the vehicle's make and model, without more context, does not independently or reliably indicate criminal behavior.